“Unpaid Advertising: A Case of Wilson the Volleyball in ‘Cast Away’”
by
Michael L Maynard and Megan Scala
unique use of product placement upon a movie-going audience. The product in
question—a Wilson brand volleyball—takes on the persona of a character in the film
Cast Away. Maynard and Scala were interested in whether the audience would perceive
the innovative use of the volleyball as just another marketing ploy or if they would accept
the product in its unusual role within the film. Lastly, the authors hoped to understand
exactly what the product’s manufacturer stood to gain from the uncompensated venture—
specifically, how much money it would have cost the Wilson Sporting Goods Company
to advertise the Wilson brand volleyball in the film, had they paid for the advertising.
film, the use of Hershey's Reese's Pieces in the 1982 movie, ET (Maynard and Scala
622). The authors state, “historically, advertising was product placement, and the
marketing message was entwined with the information and entertainment content” (624).
“Because television is structured around predictable placements of commercials,”
Maynard and Scala observe, “audiences have learned strategies for avoiding them” (624).
As viewers found it easy to identify and potentially ignore the message the advertisers
were attempting to deliver, the authors affirm that product placement has morphed
into “brand placement,” with films as the perfect environment conducive to its use (625).
Brand placement, therefore allows companies to put the notion of their brand into a film
instead of advertising one specific product, allowing the audience to connect with the
brand as it’s placed in authentic situations within a film (Maynard and Scala 626).
While most film-goers expect to see products advertised within a film, most
audiences do not expect the product to take on the role of a character. The use of
the Wilson brand volleyball as a character is definitely not standard film industry
product placement; the source of inspiration was an encounter by the screenplay’s
writer with a washed up volleyball while walking along a desolate stretch of beach in
Mexico (Maynard and Scala 626). In other words, the product placement of the Wilson
volleyball was the brainchild of the film’s creative team and not an advertising tool of the
Wilson Sporting Goods Company. This is what sets this example of product placement
apart from most others in the film industry today. According to Maynard and Scala,
the volleyball was placed into the script as “an authentic inspiration to the story” and no
money was exchanged for its use; therefore, this is not an instance of paid product or
brand placement (626). Over the course of the film, the product brand is transformed
into an actual character, complete with facial markings; the film’s protagonist uses the
volleyball as a friend and confidant after being marooned on a remote island following
the crash of his company plane.
Based on the analysis of their research, Maynard and Scala concluded that the
more emotionally involved the audience became with the Wilson volleyball-turned-
character, the less they perceived it as advertising and the more they received it as a real
and viable character in the film (626).
different from that of normal paid product placement, the authors decided to breakdown
the costs involved had the Wilson Sporting Goods Company paid to advertise their
product in the film.
advertising, with the most logical point of reference for this comparison being the cost of
typical standard television commercial advertisement time. An additional component
used in calculating the advertising cost included the number of people that viewed the
film. The authors indicated the total to be 100 million people; this figure included movie
theater viewers, foreign film goers, home video and premium cable channel viewers, as
well as those viewing the movie in “after run arrangements” (630). Additionally, the
authors took into account the numerous times that the name “Wilson” was spoken by the
protagonist, as well as the number of times that the Wilson volleyball appeared in a
scene; as a result, Maynard and Scala concluded that it would have cost the sporting
goods company between $1.85 million to $11.5 million in advertising dollars for the
brand’s 10.5 minutes of air time (627). Having the Wilson brand exposed to so many
people for free is almost inconceivable in today’s multi-million dollar advertising and
product placement market.
Maynard and Scala went on to show the effectiveness of unpaid advertising from
the perspective of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM); the model itself is used to
show how attitudes are formed and changed and proposes that a subtle presentation of a
sales message generates less resistance (630). “The peripheral route to persuasion,” note
the authors, “is effective simply because it indirectly communicates the sales pitch”
(630). This is congruent with the fact that people do not go to the movie theater to view
commercials or see advertising the same way they anticipate televised Super Bowl
commercials each year. The point of product placement is to advertise to the viewer but
in a way that does not cause the viewer to inquire as to why the product is there.
The model shows two modes of the sales message presentation—a subtle mode and
an overt mode (Maynard and Scala 630). Specifically, as the Wilson volleyball is
transformed into a character during the movie, it goes from low involvement to high
involvement within the film; the low involvement message of the Wilson brand
volleyball role is communicated in a very subtle way, giving the audience a chance
to receive the message (Maynard and Scala 631). As the movie progresses and the
product transforms from a volleyball into a character, the message becomes one of high
involvement; consequently, the audience has already been persuaded to acknowledge the
Wilson brand and the fact that it has morphed into a character—in turn, this creates brand
awareness (Maynard and Scala 631).
As of a result of the fanfare produced by Wilson the volleyball, the Wilson
Sporting Goods Company created a promotional ball in the likeness of the character,
complete with the facial markings seen in the film; money continued to roll in as the
company reaped the benefits from the emotional connection consumers made with
the volleyball resulting in a desire to own the product. The bond that the audience
made with a volleyball-turned-character had a positive influence on consumers and an
extremely positive influence on profits for both the Wilson Sporting Goods Company and
Twentieth-Century Fox (Maynard and Scala 365).
In our social psychology course, we studied about the ways that people form
impressions about other people or situations by interpreting the situation internally; this
internal interpretation results in our viewpoints. This concept was exemplified by this
article, as viewers formed impressions about an inanimate object, bonded with it, and
accepted its role as a pivotal character in a film. This article also exemplifies the role
of the mass media, which we learned is designed to reach a very large audience. More
specifically, the article accentuates the strong, persuasive role of product placement and
its impact on consumers. The research produced was consistent with what was taught in
class regarding the covert yet direct nature of product placement in television programs
or film. However, our coursework discussed that advertisers pay to get information about
their product or brand into the mindset of consumers with the goal of making a sale. The
research presented suggested that at times there are exceptions to this rule. The sporting
goods company involved did not pay to advertise the Wilson brand volleyball within the
film Cast Away, yet the free advertising exposure resulted in millions of dollars worth
of product sales. Finally, the article agreed with our coursework as it conveyed that
the mass media is continually seeking innovative ways to affect or influence consumer
attitudes.
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